Portland’s aluminium smelter is the largest consumer of electricity in Victoria. (Supplied: Alinta Energy)
Federal Labor to pledge $2 billion for ‘green aluminium’ in new election pitch
The Tomago Aluminium plant near Newcastle has announced plans to switch to renewables by 2029. (ABC Newcastle: Anthony Scully)
In short:
Anthony Albanese will commit $2 billion for production credits aimed at supporting a “green” aluminium sector.
Aluminium smelters require extremely large volumes of electricity, and the credits would require that power to be renewable.
What’s next?
It’s the latest significant policy announcement from Labor, as both Anthony Albanese and Peter Dutton continue their informal election campaigns.
Federal Labor will offer billions of dollars in production credits to support a new “green aluminium” sector, in a new election pitch to be delivered on Monday.
The prime minister will visit the Tomago Aluminium smelter to announce the new policy, in the politically-critical Hunter region of New South Wales.
The production credits would see aluminium producers paid for every tonne of “green aluminium” they make, similar to Labor’s existing policies regarding solar panels, green hydrogen and critical minerals.
$2 billion would be set aside to pay aluminium smelters a yet-to-be-determined amount per tonne produced using renewable electricity before 2036.
Aluminium smelters are extremely energy-intensive, requiring massive volumes of electricity to operate.
Tomago Aluminium is the country’s largest single user of electricity, and electricity makes up about 40 per cent of the smelter’s costs.
Making “green” aluminium would require smelters like Tomago to use only renewable energy in the aluminium-production process.
Tomago had aimed to move to fully renewable power before the end of the decade, but the company has recently voiced some doubts around that timeline.
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said the production credits are vital for Australia’s manufacturing sector.
“Investing in the Australian-made aluminium industry is a massive opportunity — to create well-paid jobs in our regions and suburbs, and set Australia up for the future.
“We’ve got the resources, the workers, and the know-how — the only thing we don’t have is time to waste.
“We are building Australia’s future, not taking Australia backwards.”
Aluminium sector had lobbied for support
Australia’s aluminium sector had been calling for production credits to help support the industry, arguing its future was at risk.
It had pointed to the support in place for green hydrogen and critical minerals as a model that would work.
There are four aluminium smelters operating around the country in NSW, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania.
Portland’s aluminium smelter is the largest consumer of electricity in Victoria. (Supplied: Alinta Energy)
Marghanita Johnson from the Australian Aluminium Council said it’s a welcome promise.
“Today’s announcement is an important step in support of the industry’s transition to the competitive, reliable, lower-carbon energy needed for the aluminium industry to secure a sustainable future,” she said.
“The natural advantages of our mineral reserves, renewable energy resources, and highly skilled workforce can give us a competitive edge, but only if supported by the right policy framework, over the right time-frame.”
The announcement is the latest in a string of major election commitments being made by Labor ahead of the formal election campaign, often in politically-important locations.
Opposition Leader Peter Dutton has also been in campaign-mode, using a rally speech on Sunday to commit to new small business tax breaks.
The Hunter region is currently Labor-held, but the Coalition is expected to try and flip more marginal seats like Paterson — which includes the Tomago smelter.
Labor has sought to argue the Coalition’s nuclear policy would threaten the aluminium sector, pointing to assumptions of lower power needs under the Coalition’s modelling.
Peter Dutton signalled he would oppose the aluminium investment, which he called a “cruel hoax”.
“We certainly need more aluminium being produced in Australia… [But] I can’t find anywhere in the world an aluminium smelter, a high energy use aluminium smelter, that is only run on wind and solar and batteries… It’s a $2 billion con job.”
Monash University
Aluminium is an exceptionally useful metal. Lightweight, resistant to rust and able to be turned into alloys with other metals. Small wonder it’s the second mostused metal in the world after iron and demand is set to soar.
But aluminium comes at a cost – energy. The four aluminium smelters in Australia consume 10% of the nation’s electricity and produce close to 5% of total emissions. Smelting is so energy intensive that in many countries, it has driven the construction of new fossil fuel power plants. That’s why it’s nicknamed “congealed electricity”.
This week, the federal government proposed a new policy aimed at making aluminium smelting green.
Under the scheme – due to run between 2028 and 2036, aluminium producers would receive a certain amount of funding for every tonne of aluminium produced using renewable energy. If smelters pursue this incentive, we can expect to see more funding flowing to renewables to meet demand.
But will this scheme work? Our research shows Australia could cut aluminium emissions 98% by 2050, from mining all the way to smelting – if renewable energy expands to support it, as well as domestic consumption.
Why focus on aluminium?
By 2050, global demand for aluminium is projected to rise by 50%, due largely to demand from electric vehicles manufacturing, clean energy equipment and construction.
Australia is one of few countries with an end-to-end aluminium industry, running from mining bauxite ore, refining it into alumina and smelting it to produce aluminium. We produce around 1.6 million tonnes annually and export almost allof it. Our exports account for 10% of the world’s total.
While emissions are produced at every step, this week’s announcement is aimed at the single largest emissions-producing process: smelting.
In 2020 Australia’s smelters produced about 4.6% of the nation’s emissions – 22.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent.
The nation’s four smelters are in Tomago in New South Wales, Boyne in Queensland, Portland in Victoria and Bell Bay in Tasmania. The industry is important to local economies and employs roughly 14,000 workers.
How hard is it to go green?
At present, the electricity to smelt aluminium comes largely from burning coal.
Switching doesn’t require major changes in industrial processes – only that there’s enough renewable power to meet demand.
Technical limitations at existing facilities and limited financial incentives to update them mean Australia’s smelters can’t easily ramp up or down. Electricity demand is almost constant.
Renewables such as solar and wind can do the job once “firmed”, meaning the power is stored to be available as needed. Smelters could also use technology to be more flexible with the timing of energy consumption.
To their credit, some aluminium companies are already working to cut emissions. In 2024, Rio Tinto announced a deal to power its Gladstone aluminium operations with renewables.
The real challenge is ensuring enough renewable energy in the grid for smelters to tap into, alongside new solar and wind to electrify homes and businesses.
Globally, more than a third (34%) of the total electricity used to make aluminium now comes from zero-emissions sources – almost entirely from hydroelectric plants. Hydropower is well suited to powering smelters because it allows for continuous and cheap electricity once built. Tasmania’s Bell Bay smelter is powered by hydroelectricity, for instance.
Expanding aluminium production through hydropower is limited, however, due to a lack of suitable sites of the right scale and location.
Do we need a policy to make green aluminium a reality?
Aluminium production in Asia is steadily increasing, powered by fossil fuel plants. Vietnam is investing A$11.7 billion in boosting output, for instance.
Australian aluminium smelters risk being outcompeted. The industry’s best chance is to meet growing demand for green products. But to do this affordably, the smelters require reliable, near-zero emissions electricity supply at low cost.
Energy infrastructure must be planned at sufficient speed and scale to both achieve Australia’s export ambitions and meet increasing domestic demand.
To do this, as our research shows, Australia needs to double the capacity of renewable projects currently in progress.
Over the past decade, Australia’s electricity prices have increased substantially, particularly due to rising gas prices.
In response, governments have moved to shield aluminium smelters from price rises. In 2021, the previous government announced a A$150 million subsidy for Victoria’s Portland smelter. By contrast, this new federal government incentive is aimed at reducing emissions and accelerating the energy transition.
Over time, smelter operators may see opportunity in changing when they use the most electricity, to soak up cheap solar during the day and scale back during evening peaks. This would be good for smelters and would reduce electricity prices for all consumers.
Government and industry will have to work together
Sun, wind, bauxite and water resources mean Australia has natural advantages in green aluminium. But it’s not a given.
If done well, tax credits or subsidies can kick-start a market for green products and give companies the certainty to take the plunge. Once running, the government can then remove the incentives.
As we tackle harder sectors such as chemical manufacturing, mineral refining, steelmaking and mining, we will need yet more firmed renewables. Shifting alumina refineries to clean energy will take yet more power.
Green aluminium offers a chance to slash Australia’s emissions while capitalising on growing demand for low-carbon products.
While these government incentives will start the process, it will take steady work from industry and government to make it a reality. Coordinated, strategic action will be necessary to future-proof our industrial heartlands.
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